A vast belt of trees vital for global production of fizzy drinks helps Sudanese farmers adapt to climate change, but in the harsh drylands many are reluctant to take up the trade.
Gum arabic, golden blobs of resin tapped from thorny acacia trees, is an emulsifying agent virtually irreplaceable for global industry.
The ingredient is used in everything from soft drinks to chewing gum and pharmaceuticals.
Sudan, in northeastern Africa, is among the countries hardest hit by climate change but is also the world’s largest producer of the raw gum.
“It’s an important tree to fight desertification as it is drought resistant — and also increases the soil fertility, essential to increasing crop production,” said Fatma Ramly, co-ordinator of the Gum Arabic Farmers’ Association, which counts 7mn members.
To harvest the amber-coloured resin, farmers must suffer the same climatic extremes as their trees.
“We work for hours on end under a burning sun,” said Mohamed Moussa, who collects resin at the state-owned Demokaya research forest, about 30 kilometres from the North Kordofan state capital, El Obeid.
Moussa faces a constant struggle with the shortage of water in largely desert Sudan.
His earnings from the trees barely “provide enough money to buy water to cover us until the autumn” rainy season.
Recorded temperatures in Sudan’s Kordofan region have increased by almost two degrees Celsius in less than three decades, more than double the global average, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).
“Water scarcity is one of the key challenges for people” living in the acacia zone, said Madani Ismail, of the state-run Agricultural Research Corp Farmers also have to contend with wide fluctuations in the price of gum on world commodity markets.
Forty-five kilograms (100 pounds) of raw gum can fetch 22,000 to 25,000 Sudanese pounds ($43), depending on the day’s price.
The return barely covers the cost of production for Abdelbaqi Ahmed, 52, who owns a 28-hectare (70-acre) plot of acacia trees in Botei, North Kordofan. He cultivates other crops to help boost his income from the trees, whose bark he cuts with a “sunki” — a sharp blade attached to a long wooden shaft able to reach up high in the tree.
“It is a laborious task,” said Ahmed, who sometimes hires others to help with the tapping. “So it doesn’t usually pay off.”
Others can’t be bothered at all. Some cut down the trees for building materials or firewood.
Many work in the nearby gold mines, like four of Ahmed’s five sons. For Abdallah Babiker, who also works in Demokaya, it’s the same. His three sons would rather prospect for gold than tend acacia trees. “They want work that earns more,” said Babiker, 72. Since South Sudan broke away a decade ago, taking with it its large oil reserves, gum arabic has been one of Sudan’s main foreign currency earners.
Exports totalled 88,000 tonnes in 2021, earning $110mn, according to central bank figures. That income has become all the more important since international donors cut aid following a 2021 coup led by army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan.
Sudanese exports account for 70% of global gum supplies, according to AFD, the French agency for development.
Their importance to the world economy earned them a special exemption from the US trade embargo imposed during the three-decade rule of now-ousted ruler Omar al-Bashir.
Efforts have been made to counter deforestation by boosting farmers’ incomes. “We have been trying to replant trees in areas that experienced deterioration, and to prevent the gum arabic belt from receding,” Ramly said.
Sudan’s gum arabic belt covers about 500,000 square kilometres from Gedaref in the east through Kordofan to Darfur on the border with Chad.